Vol 15, No 1 (2008): Maret

The aims of this assessment were to evaluate the adaptation and the development of sound wave technology and sea weed nutrition application on hot pepper. The assessment for evaluating the adaptation of sound wave technology was conducted on hybrid variety (TM99) of hot pepper in Soropadan, Temanggung Regency. The hot pepper has been applied with sound wave length 3500 – 5000 Hertz and sea weed nutrition. The development of sound wave technology on hot pepper was conducted on farm level at 5 locations. Coverage area of the development was 10 hectares each. The sound wave technology development was held at Songgom Lor, Tengki, Banjaratma, Lemah Abang, and Kemurang Kulon Villages, Brebes Regency. Result of the assessment indicated that yield of the sound wave technology and sea weed nutrition application on hot pepper was 11.92 t/ha, otherwise on farmer management without sound wave technology and sea weed nutrition application was 8.36 t/ha. The sound wave technology and nutrition could increase yield of hot pepper by 42.6 %. The increasing yield of hot pepper on the development level was 26.96 %. The yield of hot pepper applied with and without sound wave technology and sea weed nutrition were 8.55 t/ha and 6.65 t/ha respectively. R/C ratio with and without sound wave and nutrition applications were 2.23 and 1.79, respectively.

This research was aimed to test whether growth regulator substance could accelerate the growth of leaf cutting ilesiles and expected to be able to get the best type and concentration. The experiment was done on rainy season at experimental house, at 117 m sea level, with temperature average 27-32o C and rain fall about 1412 mm/year. The experiment was done using two factors with three replications using the Complettely Randomized Block Design. The level of kind growth regulator were three level (IAA (J1), IBA (J2), dan NAA (J3)), and concentration of growth regulator were four concentration (0 ppm (K0), 500 ppm (K1), 1000 ppm (K2), dan 1500 ppm (K3). The results showed that there was no interaction on type and concentration of growth regulator substance doses in affecting the growth plant vegetattif parameters. The using of growth regulator substance of resulted in the better viability and vigor of seeding 34% better than control (no growth regulator substance). The alternative choice growth regulator substance at first is IBA, whereas concentration of growth regulator substance on 1500 ppm.

The aim of the research was to probe farmer’s knowledge, attitude and action on the use of pesticide and its impact on the health of the farmers and the population of various organisms. The research was conducted in the production center of shallot at Nganjuk regency of East Java Province from March to August 2002 and used the survey method. The number of respondents was 192 farmers selected based on the Stratified Sampling method at six villages from three sub-districts. The results showed that the SLPHT farmers had a high level of attitude and knowledge on the use of pesticide whereas the non-SLPHT farmers only had low to moderate level of both. However, the farmer’s attitude and knowledge were not implemented when they applied the pesticide on their crop. Harmful effects of the pesticide misuse have degraded the farmer health with symptoms such as unconscious, blindness and also acetilcollin enzyme disorder. The population of local organisms was also reduced. In conclusion, the farmers had overlooked their own knowledge and attitude when pesticides were applied in the field, consequently the farmers’ health were at risk.

The objectives of the research were to increase the use of arenga starch and to achieve an optimal processing method of instant starch noodle made of arenga starch. In the research, the instant starch noodle was made using porridge methods. The methods of making instant starch noodle porridge including determination of starch/water ratio, duration of cooking, and optimal aging time. The starch/water ratio and duration of cooking was established based on inter-molecule binding freedom level (gelatinization and retro gradation) with a minimal score of 80% according to instant noodle requirement (SNI 01-3551-1994). While, the determination of aging time was based on physicochemical properties of instant starch noodle produced. The physicochemical properties included water content, inter-molecule binding freedom level, and cooking speed, cooking loss, tensile strength, elongation, texture and white level. The results of the research indicated that the best porridge method was done with starch/water ratio of 1:1.5 (v/v), cooking duration of 12 minute, and aging of 60 minute. Physicochemical properties of instant starch noodle porridge using such method resulting in water content of 7.62%, inter molecule binding freedom level of 82.70%, cooking speed of 2.42 minute, cooking loss of 6.15%, tensile strength of 0.018 MPa, elongation of 7.44%, texture of 10.27 N and white level of 76.30%.

Land use changes from forest to agricultural farms have been incessantly occurring in Indonesia. This condition will have harmful effects on nature equilibrium if uncontrolled. Forest can effectively absorbed carbon, in contrast deforestation will result in the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere. The research results indicated that significant carbon losses have taken place due to forest changes to agricultural farms. Agro-forestry system can lessen these losses from vegetation, litter, soil and due to soil erosion. Agricultural farm with maize and peanut produced lower carbon than forest and vanilla agro-forestry.

The aim of the research was to identify the influences of the number of hosts and the density of parasitoid on the behavior of selfsuperparasitism at Trichogramma chilotraeae. The behavior of selfsuperparasitism was studied by examining the percentage of selfsuperparasitism as affected by the variability of host number (3, 6, 12, 24 and 48) exposed to 1 and 2 female parasitoids. A descriptive analysis was conducted in order to identify an ovipositioning sequence. The results indicated that the number of hosts significantly affected the selfsuperparasitism percentage in the exposing treatments 1 and 2. The percentage of selfsuperparasitism was positively correlated with the ratio of the host number and the female parasitoid density. The tendency of the selfsuperparasitism behavior occurred in the early stage of ovipositioning. .

This research aims to know if the earns of copra producer can fulfill tha need of their family and relatives, and also to know if all copra producer in tolongano village stay under or above line of poverty level, if we assume that their earns take from copra processing bussines only. This research was aabout study case at copra producer ini tolongano village. It was coundected from October to December 2006 in Tolongano Village south Banawa Sub District Donggala District. The result shown that average earn of copra producer was about Rp. 332,173 per period, with the average of family members was about 5 people. Therefore, if we make a conversion based on rice equal need, it can be concluded that it was 88,58 kg/person/year. In conclusion, if copra producer only earn from copra processing bussines, overall copra producer categorized with “very poor”.

Credit aid programs can be used as a mean to improve the contribution of fishery sector. The impact of such credit on traditional fisheries was determined on the fishery productivity and their traditional fisherman income in Sulawesi Tengah Province. The research result showed that the credit was needed as an additional capital for the fishery sustainability. With such credit, the productivity of the fisheries increased as shown by sufficiently high incremental benefit which the fishermen achieved. The credit also affected the fisherman household in making decision related to such economic behaviors as productivity activities, working time, income and expenditure. Thus these behaviors were analyzed using an econometric approach with a simultaneous equation.

Development of agribusiness of oil palm represents one of needed steps as activity of development of plantation subsector in order to improve agricultural sector revitalization. Plantation of oil palm in this time has expanded not only conducted by state companies, but also by private sector and people. In general, development of agribusiness of oil palm still has a good prospect, evaluated from price, product development and exporting. Internally, agribusiness development of oil palm supported by farm availability and productivity potency have progressively improved and expanding through downstream industry. Land suitability analysis in sub district of Wita Ponda and Bumi Raya district of Morowali represent effort which in line with above mentioned opportunity. The effort aims to develop agribusiness of oil palm in rural to speed up rural economic activities, create employment, improve prosperity of society. Result of land suitability analysis gave picture that there were 3 (three) classes according to the land suitability: (i) Very suitable class which cover 75 % of total area, equal to 15.000 ha, (ii) Less suitable class which cover 15 % of total area, equal to 3.000 ha, and (iii) Non suitable class which cover 10 % of total area, equal to 2.000 ha. Thereby, the regions of sub district of Wita Ponda and Bumi Raya still have sufficient area for the development of plantation of oil palm.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh keragaman spesies, ukuran dan biomassa kumbang koprofagus dalam merombak kotoran hewan dan meningkatkan kesuburan tanah. Percobaan dilakukan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan perlakuan jumlah dan panjang tubuh spesies kumbang koprofagus. Peubah tergantung yang diamati adalah persentase kotoran yang terdekomposisi dan kadar bahan organik serta N,P,K total tanah sebagai indikator kesuburan tanah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase kotoran hewan yang terdekomposisi lebih dipengaruhi oleh ukuran dan biomassa kumbang yang terlibat dibandingkan dengan jumlah spesies. Persentase kotoran yang terdekomposisi berkorelasi positif dengan ukuran kumbang koprofagus. Kadar N,P,K total tanah meningkat mengikuti jumlah kotoran hewan yang terdekomposisi yang mengindikasikan bahwa aktifitas perombakan kotoran hewan oleh kumbang koprofagus berpengaruh positif terhadap kesuburan tanah.

The preliminary research had been conducted to gather information on nutritive values of various plants such as kayu jawa (Lannea coramandelica), mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia), and kelor (Moringa oleifera) to be used as alternative feeds for ruminant. It was expected that the research could generate recommendation for the suitability of those plants as the sources of ruminant ration, new research plan on the comprehensive nutritive values of the plants, and agronomic tests and their procedure in dry land farming systems. Three replicates of leave samples of 3 development phases (old leaves, well developed leaves, and young leaves along with branches) were taken from the three plant species. Therefore, the number of samples was 27. An Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer was employed to analyze proxymat and mineral (Ca and P) content of the leaves. The research result showed that : (a) there was no interaction effect between the plant species and the leave development, (b) the content of all leave nutrients were affected by the plant species except that of fat, whereas the leave development significantly affected only the Calcium content, (c) based on the leave nutrient composition contained, M. oleifera and M. citrifolia could be used as alternative feed particularly for calcium and phosphorous supplies for ruminant in the Palu Valley to replace L. coramandelica which have been more popular, (d) As M. citrifolia and M. oleifera contained sufficiently high BETN level, these plants can be used as an alternative feed that can be mixed with other types of feeds containing non protein nitrogen (NPN), thus enhancing the overall feed nutrition. The research recommend that there is a need to proceed the research on L. coramandelica, M. citrifolia, dan M. oleifera as the source of feed for ruminant in the aspect of biological tests such as preferency and digestibitlity either in-sacco or in-vivo. New experiments relating to growth measurements, productive and reproductive levels will comprehensively add the biological values of the three plants as the sources of ruminant feed.

The aim of the experiment was to determine spermatozoa fertility and accurate interval time of artificial insemination for improving chicken quality and production. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three levels of semen diluter as the treatments. Each treatment was tested to 10 local female chicks. The research results showed that the treatments significantly affected the fertility of spermatozoa (P < 0.05). The highest fertility of spermatozoa was found in the ringer lactate diluter (74.73 %), followed by the ringer dextrose (71.58 %), and physiological NaCl 0.9 % (65.79 %). The highest fertility period produced by ringer dextrose diluter was 15.6 days, and ringer lactate for 15.3 days.

Sheep is one of the preeminent commodities of Central Sulawesi in term of natural/pastural resources, climatic and cultural social condition. All varieties of local sheep in Central Sulawesi were generated from a cross-breeding between Fat-tail sheep (FTS) and Merbas sheep. The research was aimed at identifying the sheep phenotype characteristics as the criteria for sheep selection. The study was carried out in Palu city, and Biromaru sub district of Central Sulawesi from February to May and from November to December 2006. Data of sheep body sizes were collected from three different sites: Poboya (East Palu), Kawatuna (South Palu) and Loru (Biromaru). A total number of 412 sheep from the three sites were used and then randomly selected to obtain 102 (24%), 122 (10%), and 56 (28%) adult sheep from Poboya, Kawatuna and Loru, respectively. The research results showed that the local sheep population has been steadily decreased every year and currently there have been only 3270 sheep remained. Among the three sites, the highest body weight of sheep was found with those from Biromaru. The average of birth weight, weaning, adult males and females body were 3.25±0.53 kg, 11.25±3.33 kg, 42.00±6.245 kg, and 30.14±6.28 kg, respectively. The body size of 18-24 month old sheep from Biromaru was also higher than those from the other sites. Whereas for 36 month old sheep, those from East Palu and Biromaru were higher than those from South Palu. The principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the best criteria for sheep selection were breast diameter, body length, height of hip, and wide of tail.

Evaluation of metabolically energy of three agricultural by-products has been conducted on laying hens. The purpose of study was to calculate and to compare the energy values of onion hay, tofu waste and bananas skin. Twelve laying hens were randomly allocated to one out of three types of feeds. About 50 g of powder form of feeds were forced fed to the experimental hens. The results indicate that the gross energy varied within the tested feeds. The highest values of apparent metabolically energy (AME) and true metabolically energy (TME) were achieved by tofu waste, while the energy (AME and TME) values of onion hay were higher than those values in bananas skin. The values of TME were 10.04, 11.88 and 9.58 MJ/kg for onion hay, tofu waste and bananas skin, respectively. It is concluded that the by-product feeds are still having metabolically energy as feeds sources for raising chickens, particularly laying hen