Vol 10, No 6 (2022): Desember

The present study was designed to investigate the infiltration rate and various soil properties of different land uses in Dakitan village, Baolan sub district, Toli-Toli district. The study was carried out over a period of fifteen months, starting from March 2020 and ending in June 2021. The research involved the determination of infiltration rate, soil texture, soil bulk density, soil porosity, field capacity water content, organic matter, and aggregate stability in four types of land use, namely mixed plantations, a clove plantation, and a secondary forest, all of which had varying slope angles. The results of the study indicate that the constant infiltration rate across several land uses was ranging from 15.59-180.62 mm h^-1, which were classified as slow to fast. The soil texture was predominantly sandy clay, while the organic matter was classified as high to very high (4.03-6.02%). The soil bulk density was found to be heavy (1.24 –1.65 g cm^-1), and the porosity ranged from 26.37-42.98%. The field capacity water content was found to range from 21.93-43.16%, and the aggregate stability was predominantly unstable.

This research aimed to determine the impact of irrigation on lowland rice farming income post-liquefaction in Sibalaya Utara village Tanambulava sub district of Sigi district. The respondents were selected by Purposive Sampling method from a population of 201 rice farmers in Sibalaya  Utara village. The analysis used was Multiple Linear Regression analysis. The results showed that the income of the lowland rice farming before being affected by the liquefaction was significantly greater (IDR 9,673,807/ha) than that after the liquefaction (IDR 1,713,982/ha) in Sibalaya Utara Village, Tanambulava District, Sigi Regency. This was mostly caused by the severely damaged irrigation infrastructure in the liquefaction area, which left the lowland rice-growing region with virtually little water supplies.

Soil quality improvement can be done by adding organic fertilizer one of them is swallow guano.  This study aim was to determine the effect of swallow guano bokashi on soil chemical characteristics and the growth of red ginger plants.  The guano bokashi was applied at various rates i.e., no guano added (BW₀), 10 t guano ha^-1 (BW₁), 20 t guano/ha^-1 (BW₂) and 30 t guano/ha^-1 (BW₃).  Plant height, leaf number and fresh weight of ginger root increased with increasing the guano bokashi rates both at 30 days after planting (DAP) and 60 DAP.    Soil analysis showed that the lowest pH (7.01), C-organic (0.72%), N-total (0.11%), P₂O₅ (52.16 mg 100 g^-1), K₂O (41.10 mg 100 g^-1), and CEC (13.91 cmol (+) kg^-1) was found in the BW₀ treatment whereas the highest pH (7.39), C-organic (1.43%), N-total (0.20%), P2O5 (61.82 mg 100 g^-1), K₂O (46.69 mg 100 g^-1), and CEC (19.11 cmol (+) kg^-1) was found in the BW₃ treatment.

This study aimed to determine the effect of cabbage price, substitute goods price, consumer income, and family dependent number on the demand for cabbage in Palu City. The research was conducted at the Inpres Manonda Traditional Market of Palu City in May – July 2021. Respondents of 30 cabbage consumers was determined using the Accidental Sampling method. This research used the Multiple Linear Regression analysis. The results showed that simultaneously the price of cabbage, the price of substitute goods, the consumer income and the number of dependents had a significant effect on the demand for the cabbage at the Inpres Manonda Traditional Market. The t test showed that partially such variables as the price of the cabbage and the number of dependents had a significant effect on the demand for cabbage at the Inpres Manonda Traditional Market, while the price of substitute goods and the amount of income had not.

This study aimed to determine the effect of the population of basil as a repellent plant on the population density of Plutella xylostella in mustard greens. The research was carried out in a coffee plantation Donggala district of Central Sulawesi province in July – September 2019. This study used a Randomized Block design (RBD) method consisting of four treatments with three replicates. The treatments given were monoculture mustard cultivation (T0), population of six basil plants with spacing 70 × 70 cm grown between mustard plants (T1), population of eight basil plants with spacing 60 × 60 cm grown between mustard plants (T2), and population of 12 basil plants with spacing 50 × 50 cm grown between mustard plants (T3).  The basil plants significantly reduced the population and intensity attacks of Plutella xylostella pest on the mustard plants.  The T3 treatment had the lowest Plutella xylostella counts, with only three moths discovered, whereas the largest pest populations were seen in the monocultures.

The purpose of this research was to achieve a shorter fermentation technique for cocoa beans by using ethanol, acetic acid and coconut water to produce high quality cocoa beans. The research was conducted in Tunus village Pamona Pusalemba sub district Poso district of Central Sulawesi.  Tunus is located about 300 kilometers from Palu, the capital of Sulawesi Tengah. The fermented cocoa beans were analyzed at Tadulako University’s Agroindustry Laboratory Faculty of Agriculture.  The study used a Randomized Block design (RBD) with fermentation technique as the treatments i.e., 10 kg wet cocoa only (Box 1), 10 kg wet cocoa + 75 ml ethanol (Box 2), 10 kg wet cocoa + 75 ml acetic acid (Box 3), and 10 kg wet cocoa + 75 ml aged coconut water (Box 4).  Each treatment had four replicates, thus in total there were 16 experimental units.  The results showed that the addition of 75 ml ethanol in the fermentation process had the shortest fermentation time, with an average fermentation time of four days. The method also produced the best average water content and sensory tests such as of color, texture, aroma, and overall liking.

The purpose of this study was to determine income levels and income differences between farmers selling unhulled rice and rice, and to determine which marketing pattern was more suitable in  Lembontonara village of  Mori Utara sub district of Morowali Utara district. The Proportional Stratified Random Sampling technique was used to select 13 farmers selling unhulled rice and 24 farmers selling rice.  The collected data was analyzed using income analysis, t-test and descriptive comparison.  The analysis results showed that for each planting season the farmers selling unhulled rice generated revenue of IDR 17,939,385.00 ha^-1 at a total cost of IDR 7,294,114.18 ha^-1 whereas their counterparts generated revenue of IDR 24,466,485.19 ha^-1 at a total cost of IDR10,988,290.03 ha^-1.  The income of the farmers selling rice (IDR 13,478,195.16 ha^-1) was significantly higher than the farmers selling unhulled rice (IDR 10,645,270.82 ha^-1).  However, it is recommended that the farmer sale their product in the form of unhulled rice in Lembontonara village.

Cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) is a popular chili spice widely used in Indonesian cuisine, and its demand has been increasing in the market. However, humid condition and pest attacks are common obstacles that can lead to a production decrease in chili plantation.  This study aimed to determine the appropriate concentration of Morinda citrifolia (M. citrifolia) leaf extract to suppress the growth of Colletotrichum capsici, a fungus that causes anthracnose disease in chili plants.  The experiment was conducted in vitro using a completely randomized design (CRD) of one factor with five treatments, and each treatment was repeated four times.  The treatments included PDA media with no extract (K0), PDA media with 0.4 ml extract (K1), PDA media with 0.6 ml extract (K2), PDA media with 0.8 ml extract (K3), PDA media with 1 ml extract (K4).  The study found that the addition of M. citrifolia leaf extract to the PDA medium produce significantly different effects on the growth of C. capsici colonies.  The results of the data analysing using the 5% Tukey HSD test showed that the concentration of 1 ml extract added to the PDA media in the K4 treatment was the most effective in suppressing the growth of C. capsici colonies on the seventh day, with a diameter of 2.40 cm.  In addition to suppressing the growth of C. capsica colonies, the extract at a concentration of 1 ml could also inhibit the growth of C. capsica with an inhibitory power of 66.84% on the fifth day.

The research was conducted in Tindaki village, South Parigi sub district, Parigi Moutong district, in April to June 2021.  The study aimed to compare the income of lowland rice farmers using two different system, the direct planting system (DPS) and the transplantation system (TS).  The study used the proportional stratified random sampling technique to select 38 farmer respondents from 300 lowland rice farmers, consisting of 156 farmers who use the DPS and 144 farmers who use the TS. The hypothesis testing was carried out using test-1 of two independent sample separated variance.  The research location was chosen purposively with consideration that Tindaki is one of the rices producing villages that uses the DPS and The TS in South Parigi district of Parigi Moutong district.   The results of the study showed that the income of the rice farmers using the DPS was significantly higher compared to the income of the farmers using the TS.  Specifically, the income of the DPS rice farmers was IDR. 13,969,608.33 ha/planting season (PS), while the income of the TS rice farmers was IDR 10,315,005.04 ha/PS.  The study obtained a t-count value of 0.24, with a 5% t-table of 2.03.  Since the t-count was smaller that the t-table value, the null hypothesis (H0) was accepted.  This indicates that the income of the lowland rice farmers using the DPS is not significantly different from their counterpart income in Tindaki village, South Parigi sub district, Parigi Moutong district.

The aim of the study was to investigate how salinity stress, specifically the addition of NaCl, affects the growth of purple corn plants. The study was conducted between August and November 2020 at the Seed Science Laboratory and Screen house, Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University, Palu, and employed a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments. The treatments included a control group with no NaCl added (N1), and three experimental groups with increasing levels of NaCl concentration: 1,500 ppm (N2), 3,500 ppm (N3), and 4,500 ppm (N4). Each treatment was replicated five times, making up a total of 20 experimental units. The results of the study indicated that the addition of NaCl had a significant effect on the total dried weight of the purple corn plants. Salinity stress caused poor growth or inhibition of the vegetative organs of the purple corn plants. The study found that the tolerant limit for purple corn to grow in terms of NaCl concentration was 3,500 ppm. Overall, this study provides insights into how salinity stress, specifically through the addition of NaCl, can impact the growth of purple corn plants. The findings suggest that excessive salinity levels can significantly affect plant growth, and that there is a threshold limit for NaCl concentration beyond which the plants become less tolerant.

The study aimed to understand why fruit traders prefer to sell non-seeded watermelons than seeded one, and to determine the income generated by non-seeded watermelon trading at the Manonda Inpres Market in Palu City. It was conducted using a case study approach with a census technique, where all the population was taken as the research sample in September to November 2021. The study found that fruit traders prefer to sell non-seeded watermelons because there is a higher demand for them compared to seeded watermelons. Additionally, the income generated by non-seeded watermelon trading is higher for both wholesalers and retailers. Specifically, the wholesalers earn IDR 7,984,964.29/month, while retailers earn IDR 6,702,528.65/month. The study provides useful insights into the preferences of fruit traders and the income generated by non-seeded watermelon trading.

Tujuan dari penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan ekstrak daun babadotan terhadap populasi dan  intensitas serangan larva plutella xylostella pada tanaman sawi pakcoy. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli sampai dengan bulan September 2019. Di Rumah Kasa Pertanian Universitas Tadulako, Tondo, Kecamatan Palu Timur, Kota Palu, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK). pemberian ekstrak daun babadotan yang paling efektif dan efesien dalam menekan populasi dan intensitas serangan larva P. xylostella pada tanaman sawi yaitu perlakuan P₃ (12 ml ekstrak + 48 ml aquades) dengan kemampuan menekan populasi larva sebesar 91.61% dan intensitas serangan larva sebesar 90.86%, dan perlakuan P₄ (24 ml ekstrak + 36 ml aquades) dengan kemampuan menekan populasi larva sebesar 94.94% dan intensitas serangan larva sebesar 93.78%.

The objective of this research is to determine the influence of input factors such as land area, seeds, urea fertilizer, phonska fertilizer, and labor on the production of lowland rice in Toribulu village, Toribulu sub district, Parigi Moutong district. The study was conducted between 29 November 2019 and 8 January 2020, and 37 out of 240 individuals were randomly selected as respondents for the study. The Cobb Douglass production function was used for analysis, and the results indicate that the combination of all input factors simultaneously has a significant effect on the production. However, individually, only land area, seeds, and urea fertilizer had a significant effect on production, while phonska fertilizer and labor had no significant effect. The significance level was 0.000, which is less than the 5% level of significance.

The objective of this research was to investigate cow manure application at various intervals effects on the availability of P, P uptake, and yields of Bima shallot variety grown on Entisols Sidera. The study was conducted at Faculty of Agriculture of University Tadulako with soil and plant analysis performed at the Soil Science Laboratory. The research was carried out between October 2018 and January 2019, and a randomized block design with three repetitions was utilized. The treatments involved applying 27.37 g of fertilizer with different time of application, i.e at the same time as planting (W0), one week before planting (W1), two weeks before planting (W2), three weeks before planting (W3), and four weeks before planting (W4). The findings revealed that applying cow manure at a rate of 27.37 g at different times can increase P-Total, pH H2O, pH KCl, plant growth, and P uptake on Entisols Sidera.

The objective of this study is to identify the type of marketing channels, marketing margins, the proportion of the price given to farmers, and the effectiveness of marketing coconut in Meli village, Balaesang sub district, Donggala district, which was conducted between January and March 2022. A total of 33 farmers were chosen randomly from a population of 125 farmers, and the sample of traders was determined using the snowball method, which resulted in 2 collectors and 1 wholesaler, for a total of 36 respondents. The research revealed that there are two marketing channels in Meli Village: Channel I (farmers - collectors - wholesalers - consumers) with a margin of IDR 1,300/kg and a farmer's share of 60.6%, and Channel II (farmers - wholesalers - consumers) with a margin of IDR 700/kg and a farmer's share of 78.8%. The marketing efficiency of Channel I is 30.88%, and that of Channel II is 28.64%. Overall, Channel II is more efficient than Channel I, as it has a smaller margin, a larger price share for farmers, and a lower efficiency value. Therefore, the short marketing channel is more efficient than the long channel.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer on the growth and yields of lettuce plants. The study was conducted in Silae of Palu, Central Sulawesi from September to November 2020 using a Randomized Block design. The experiment consisted of five treatments, repeated four times with three experimental units each, resulting in a total of 60 polybags. The liquid organic fertilizer was applied to the soil three times when the plants were 7, 14, and 21 days old. Data analysis involved an F-test to determine the treatment effect, followed by an Honest Significant Difference Test at the 5% level. The results indicated that the application of liquid organic fertilizer significantly affected the plant height, leaf length, and fresh weight of lettuce. The 100% concentration of liquid organic fertilizer resulted in longer leaves and higher fresh weight, which was 49.6% higher than the control. Furthermore, the application of liquid organic fertilizer with a concentration of 25% on lettuce leaves improved the production of lettuce plants by making the leaves heavier, longer, and wider.

The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the earnings of cultivating sweet corn and hybrid corn. The research was carried out at the Transmigration Settlement Unit of Bulupountu Jaya, located in the Sigi Biromaru sub district of Sigi district, between March and May 2021. The participants in the study were chosen using Proportional Stratified Random Sampling, with 25 sweet corn farmers and seven hybrid corn farmers selected as the samples using the Slovin formula from a total of 32 people. Income (π) and comparative analysis, along with t-tests, were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that the average income per hectare from sweet corn farming in one planting season at UPT Bulupountu Jaya was IDR 6,511,985.22, while at the hybrid corn farming was IDR 4,165,539.90. The results of the t-test demonstrated that the income of sweet corn and hybrid corn farmers in UPT Bulupountu Jaya differed significantly, with a t-value of 2.201>2.042 (α0.25%). Thus, the null hypothesis (H₀) was rejected, and the alternative hypothesis (H₁) was accepted.

The objective of this research was to determine the optimal concentration of Moringa leaf extract to enhance the protein content and consumer preference of Moringa dorayaki cake. The study utilized five levels of treatments with varying concentrations of Moringa leaf extract (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) for protein analysis. The data analysis employed a Completely Randomized design with the Tukey’s HSD test for protein analysis, and a Randomized Block design (RBD) with 15 panellists for sensory tests. The results showed a significant effect of the Moringa leaf extract concentration on protein content, with concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% yielding protein contents of 6.81%, 8.71%, 9.16%, 10.28%, and 11.23%, respectively. The sensory test results indicated no significant effect, and the panellists enjoyed the Moringa dorayaki cake at all concentrations. Therefore, the optimal concentration for protein content was found to be 20%, while all concentrations were equally preferred by the panellists.

The establishment of farmer groups can simplify agricultural activities for farmers. A study was conducted in Bobo village, Palolo sub district, Sigi district with the aim of understanding cocoa farming incomes and the impact of farmer groups on cocoa farming incomes in Bobo village. The research was conducted in April and May 2021, and the location was purposefully chosen. A Simple Random Sampling method was used to select 30 sample farmers from three cocoa farmer groups. Income and Chi-Square analyses were used to analyze the data. The study discovered that the mean income for the cocoa farming was IDR 16,016.652.80/1.07Ha. The Chi-Square test demonstrated that there is a relationship between the farmer groups and the cocoa farming incomes, as H₀ was rejected and H₁ was approved with a Chi-Square test value of (6.99) > Chi-Square table (5.99) at 5% significant level.

The objective of this research was to determine the most effective type of manure for supporting the initial growth of clove seedlings. The study was conducted between October 2021 and February 2022 at Tadulako University's Faculty of Agriculture Screen House in Palu. Chicken, cow, goat, and sheep manure were each added to the planting medium at a ratio of 2:1 (v/v) and compared to non-manure treated media. Although the results indicated that none of the different types of manure had a significant impact on the growth of clove seedlings, cow manure showed some promise in terms of promoting clove height, leaf number, leaf area, and stem diameter.

The aim of this research was (i) to identify the marketing channels and margins of tomato marketing, and (ii) to determine the level of efficiency and prices received at the farm level in Labuan Toposo village, Labuan sub district of Donggala district. It was conducted in March to April 2020. The farmer respondents of 47 people were selected using the census method, ensuring that all people in the population had an equal opportunity to be sampled. The merchant respondents were selected using the snowball method, involving six traders. The analysis used in the study included Marketing Margin analysis, Marketing Efficiency analysis, and Farmers Share analysis. The results of the study revealed that there were two tomato marketing channels in Labuan Toposo village: (i) farmers – collector traders – wholesalers – retailer – consumers, and (ii) farmer – wholesalers – retailers – consumers. The marketing margin was IDR 6,000 with 1.33% efficiency for the first channel and IDR 4,000 with 3.18% efficiency for the second channel. The share of prices received by the farmers in the first channel was 50%, while in the second channel was 66%.

The purpose of this study was to find the optimal rate of NPK fertilizer and tofu liquid waste for the best growth and yields of Sigi local corn plant.  It was conducted at the Academic Garden located at Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University, from September to December 2021.  This study used a two-factorial Randomized Group Design (RGD) with three replicates. The first factor was NPK fertilizer with four rates, namely control (N0), 100 kg/ha (N1), 200 kg/ha (N2) and 300 kg/ha (N3). The second factor is the tofu liquid waste with 4 levels, namely Control (L0), 10 ml/ l water (L1), 20 ml/l water (L2) and 30 ml/l water (L3).   Data collected was analyzed using Analisys of Variance and Honest Tukey test. The results showed that there was no interaction effect between NPK fertilizer and tofu liquid waste on the growth and yields of Sigi local corn plant. The application of NPK fertilizers at a rate of 300 kg/ha resulted in improved growth of the corn plants specifically in term of leaf number, leeaf greenness, and stem diameter.  On the other hand, it appears that the use of tofu liquid waste at concentrations ranging from 10 to 30 ml/L has not shown any significant improvement in growth or yield of the local corn plants.

The study aims to determine the economical order quantity (EOQ) for raw material purchases, as well as the safety stock, reorder point, and total inventory cost for the company's inventory. This study was conducted in the first half of 2022 at UD Sri Rejeki, a company located in Palu City, Indonesia. The study utilized both primary data (collected from three respondents, including one leader and two employees) and secondary data. The analytical tool used in this study were EOQ, Safety Stock, Reorder Point, and Total Inventory Cost. The findings revealed that there were an average of 2.519,78 economy purchases (EOQ) of local shallot raw materials from January to December 2021, IDR 179,462,26 in total inventory costs (TIC), 1.656,31 kg in safety stock that must always be present in the warehouse to satisfy raw material shortages.  UD Sri Rejeki has a relatively stable demand for local shallot raw materials throughout the year, with an average local shallot of 2.519,78 kg economy purchases (EOQ) required to meet their needs. The findings also showed that UD Sri Rejeki incurred IDR 179,462,26 in inventory costs from January to December 2021. To manage inventory levels, the company has set a safety stock of 1.656,31 kg that must always be present in the warehouse to ensure that they can satisfy any unexpected raw material shortages

Bioorganic phosphate fertilizers are becoming increasingly popular as a sustainable alternative to traditional chemical fertilizers. In the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture, UNTAD, research on the application of bioorganic phosphate fertilizer to chili (Capsicum annuum L.) was carried out. The objective was to establish the right dose of bioorganic phosphate fertilizers and how they would affect chili plant growth. The findings demonstrated that, with the exception of the number of branches, the use of bioorganic phosphate fertilizer significantly increased plant growth and agricultural yields. The relationship between the dose and the plant pattern's response is non-linier.  The red chili plants responded better to the 2 g fertilizer plant-1 dose compared to the other treatments. The plants flowered earlier and produced the maximum amount (32.78 g) at this dose, an increase of 8 times above the control.

As the main food crop for the Indonesian population, rice. Rice is a staple food for the people of Indonesia, and it plays a crucial role in ensuring food security in the country.  The study aimed to determine the magnitude of the influence of the different factors such as land area, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and labor on the production of lowland rice farming in Ampera Village, Palolo District, Sigi Regency. The number of 35 respondents was calculated using the Slovin formula. The study used multiple regression analysis with the Cobb-Douglas production function model to analyze the data. it was found that the variables of land area, seeds, fertilizer, pesticides, and labor simultaneously had a significant effect on the production of lowland rice farming. This means that increasing the land area, using quality seeds, applying appropriate fertilizers and pesticides, and employing more labor can all contribute to higher rice production.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of watering frequency and concentrations of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) derived from cow urine on the growth and yields of corn in Lolu village, Sigi Biromaru sub district of Sigi district during April – June 2020.  The study used a two-factorial randomized block design, with the first factor being the frequency of watering (every day, every two days, and every three days), and the second factor being the concentration of LOF (no LOF, 150 ml LOF/l, 200 ml LOF/l, 250 ml LOF/l, 300 ml LOF/l, and 350 ml LOF/l).  The study comprised 54 polybags with 18 treatment combinations, each treatment was repeated three times. The results showed that there was no interaction effect between the watering frequency and the LOF treatments on all observation parameters. The 350 ml LOF/l treatment showed better growth and yields for the corn plant particularly for the number of leaves, weight of cob per plant, and length of cob per plant.

The purpose of the study was to assess the income and profitability of the roa fish sauce business in the Local Food Sofie Industry in Palu city. The study was conducted from July to December 2020 and involved four workers as respondents, who were purposively selected. The research was analyzed quantitatively, including Return on Investment (ROI) and Return on Equity Analysis. The findings showed that the total production costs incurred over the six months from July to December were IDR 62,023,789. The sales generated revenue for the same period were IDR 99.810.000, resulting in an income of IDR 37,787,211 for the six-month period. The profitability analysis revealed that the return on investment achieved during the July to December period was 60.15%. This indicates that for every IDR 100,000 invested in the roa fish sauce business, a profit of IDR 60.150 was generated. The return on equity achieved by the business over the last six months was 67.60%. This implies that for every IDR 100,000 of sales, a profit of IDR 67,600 was obtained. Overall, the study shows that the roa fish sauce business in the Local Food Sofie Industry is profitable and generates a reasonable return on investment and equity.

The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate concentrations of growth regulators and better growing media for the growth of grape cuttings. It was conducted in Jaya Makmul village, Nuhon sub district of Banggai district. This study used a two-factorial randomized block design. The first was the concentrations of the growth regulator (no growth regulator, 10% growth regulator, 20% growth regulator, and 30% growth regulator) and the second was the planting media (a mixture soil and sand, and a mixture of soil, sand and chicken manure).  There were eight treatment combinations, and each treatment was repeated four times to produce 32 experimental units. The results showed that there was an interaction effect between growth regulator and planting media observed on growth rate of shoots of 11.75 days, number of shoots of 2.00, and cutting emergence rate of 66.67%. The mixture of soil, sand and poultry manure in a ratio of 2: 1: 1 showed a highly significant effect on shoot growth rate, number of leaves, leaf area, number of shoots, shoot length and cutting growth percentage. The optimal concentration of growth regulator for grape cuttings was 30% growth regulator concentration. 

The growth of explants in tissue culture media is determined by a number of factors, including the concentration of sucrose and the concentration of nutrients in the media used. The experiment was designed to determine the suitable concentration of sucrose and nutrient concentration in MS media for the growth of shallot from seeds. The experiment used a Two-factorial Completely Randomized design (CRD), namely the concentration of sucrose (30 g sucrose/l MS media, 45 g sucrose/l MS media, and 60 g sucrose/l MS media) and the concentration of MS media nutrients (0.5 times, 1 times, and 1.5 times the concentration). There were nine combinations of treatments, with each treatment repeated four times. A total of 108 shallot seeds were used in the experiment, with each experimental unit consisting of three shallot seed explants. The observed variables were the time when buds appeared, the number of leaves, the length of the leaves, and the weight of biomass. The results of the experiment showed that the concentration of 30 g sucrose/l media and 0.5 times concentration of the basic media MS is the most suitable composition for the initial growth of shallots from seeds. This was indicated by the fastest buds and the formation of the most leaves at 2 weeks after planting. The use of sucrose or MS base media, each at a concentration of 30 g sucrose/l Media or 0.5 times of concentration, was found to be suitable for the growth of shallots indicated by the longest leaf growth and the heaviest biomass.

Corn is the second most significant food commodity following rice, which is given high priority in boosting food security in Indonesia. The high incidence of pests and diseases in corn plantation can pose a significant threat to food security. The pests attacking corn plants include cob borer, stem borer, and other species. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of various refugia plants (Zinnia elegans Jaqc, Tagetes erecta L, Cosmos caudatus, and Helianthus annus L) on the severity of corn stem borer (O. furnacalis) attacks on corn (Z. mays L). The research was conducted using a Randomized Block design with five treatments and four replications.  The results showed that the use of refugia plants could reduce the intensity of attacks by corn stem borer, although the reduction was not significant. The highest dry weight of corn cobs (7.61 t/ha) was achieved in the Tagetes erecta L treatment.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a leafy vegetabke with a high economic value and offers consumers a number of advantages in Indonesia. The effect of using inorganic fertilizers over a long period of time, causing reduced soil productivity, has made the use of organic fertilizers more optimal nowadays.  The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of various liquid organic fertilizer Nasa on lettuce growth and yields.  The research was conducte in Sintuwu village Palolo sub district Sigi district from August to September 2020.  A Randomize Block design was used with treatment consisting of no fertilizer added (N0), 1.5 l/l water. The purpose of this study was to determine the response of various concentrations of liquid organic fertilizer NASA on the growth and yield of lettuce. The implementation of this research from August to September 2020, on agricultural land in Sintuwu Village, Palolo District, Sigi Regency. This study was structured using a Randomized Block Design (RAK), which consisted of 5 treatments and 4 replications in order to obtain 20 experimental units. Concentration of liquid organic fertilizer used as treatment: No= control, N1=1.5 ml/1 water, N2=3.0 ml/1 water, N3=4.5 ml/1 water, N4=6 ml/1 water . Each experimental unit consisted of 48 plants, so a total of 960 plants. The results of this study indicate that the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer NASA does not have a significant effect on all observations, but there is a tendency for treatment with a concentration of 1.5 ml/1 water to show higher yields on the average plant height (5.97 cm). , number of leaves (7.00 leaves), leaf area (61.79 cm), fresh weight (8.95 g) and root length (8.98 cm).