Pengendalian Hama Spodoptera exigua Hubner. pada Tanaman Bawang Merah Varietas Lembah Palu dengan Penggunaan Pupuk dan Mulsa
Article History
Submited : September 8, 2021
Published : August 26, 2019
Pengendalian hama Spodoptera exigua Hubner. Pada Tanaman Bawang Merah Varietas Palu Dengan Menggunakan Pupuk Dan Mulsa (Dibimbing oleh Abd. Rahim Thaha dan Shahabuddin). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian pupuk dan mulsa terhadap intensitas S. exigua dan hasil varietas bawang merah Lembah Palu. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Bolu Pountu Jaya, Desa Sigi, Kecamatan Sigi Biromaru, Kabupaten Sigi, dari bulan September hingga November 2013. Penelitian ini menggunakan pola faktorial dengan dua faktor. Faktor pertama adalah penggunaan berbagai jenis mulsa yang terdiri dari empat perlakuan yaitu Tanpa Mulsa (M0), Mulsa Jerami Padi (M1), Mulsa Kakao (M2) dan Mulsa Plastik (M3). Sedangkan faktor kedua adalah berbagai jenis pupuk terdiri dari tiga perlakuan. Pupuk cair organik (P1), pupuk quano (P2) dan pupuk sintetis (P3). Setiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak tiga kali sehingga terdapat 36 perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh pada berbagai jenis pupuk dan mulsa terhadap intensitas S. exigua dan jumlah hasil bawang merah. Aplikasi berbagai jenis mulsa berpengaruh signifikan terhadap intensitas S. exigua. Penggunaan mulsa jerami padi mampu mengurangi intensitas S. exigua sebesar 20,83%, sedangkan penggunaan mulsa kulit kakao meningkatkan hasil bawang merah sebesar 47,61%.
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Balaram Naik, A., and A. Chennakeshava Reddy. 2018. “Optimization of Tensile Strength in TIG Welding Using the Taguchi Method and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).” Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 8 (December): 327–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2018.08.005.
Chen, Jixiang, Weili Jiang, Hongyan Hu, Xiaoyan Ma, Qian Li, Xianpeng Song, Xiangliang Ren, and Yan Ma. 2019. “Joint Toxicity of Methoxyfenozide and Lufenuron on Larvae of Spodoptera Exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).” Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 22 (3): 795–801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2019.06.004.
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Gautam, Shriniwas, Pepijn Schreinemachers, Md. Nasir Uddin, and Ramasamy Srinivasan. 2017. “Impact of Training Vegetable Farmers in Bangladesh in Integrated Pest Management (IPM).” Crop Protection 102 (December): 161–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2017.08.022.
Githiomi, Caroline, Beatrice Muriithi, Patrick Irungu, Chris M. Mwungu, Gracious Diiro, Hippolyte Affognon, John Mburu, and Sunday Ekesi. 2019. “Economic Analysis of Spillover Effects of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategy for Suppression of Mango Fruit Fly in Kenya.” Food Policy 84 (April): 121–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.03.006. Haque, Ma, MA Monayem Miah, Ms Hossain, An Luna, and Ks Rahman. 2014. “Profitability of Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) Cultivation in Some Selected Areas of Bangladesh.” Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 38 (4): 589–98. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v38i4.18944.
Kalmar, Evie, Susan L. Ivey, Asa Bradman, Victoria Leonard, and Abbey Alkon. 2014. “Implementing an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Program in Child Care Centers: A Qualitative Study.” Early Childhood Research Quarterly 29 (3): 245–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2014.02.005.
Limbongan, J. dan A. Monde. 1999. Pengaruh penggunaan pupuk organik dan anorganik terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi bawang merah kultivar Palu. Jurnal Hortikultura 9 (3): 212−219. Lu, Jiannan, and Alex Deng. 2017. “On Randomization-Based Causal Inference for Matched-Pair Factorial Designs.” Statistics & Probability Letters 125 (June): 99–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spl.2017.02.007.
Maloney, D., F.A. Drummoud and R. Alford. 2002. Spider predation in agroecosystems:Can spiders effectively control pest population. Mafes Technical Bulletin 190:1-32.
Maskar, Basrum, A. Lasenggo, dan M. Slamet.2001. Uji multilokasi bawang merah Palu.Laporan Tahun 2001. Balai PengkajianTeknologi Pertanian Sulawesi Tengah, Palu.13 hlm..
Muriithi, Beatrice W., Hippolyte D. Affognon, Gracious M. Diiro, Sarah W. Kingori, Chrysantus M. Tanga, Peterson W. Nderitu, Samira A. Mohamed, and Sunday Ekesi. 2016. “Impact Assessment of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategy for Suppression of MangoInfesting Fruit Flies in Kenya.” Crop Protection 81 (March): 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2015.11.014. Mustafa, Ghazala, and Setsuko Komatsu. 2016. “Toxicity of Heavy Metals and Metal-Containing Nanoparticles on Plants.” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 1864 (8): 932–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.02.020.
Nielsen, Glenn Gunner Brink, Anders Kjær, Beate Klösgen, Per Lyngs Hansen, Adam Cohen Simonsen, and Bjarke Jørgensen. 2016. “Dielectric Spectroscopy for Evaluating Dry Matter Content of Potato Tubers.” Journal of Food Engineering 189 (November): 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.05.011.
Nunes, Alexandro Silva, Vicente Paulo Campos, Alessandra Mascarello, Taisa Regina Stumpf, Louise Domenghini Chiaradia-Delatorre, Alan Rodrigues Teixeira Machado, Helvécio Martins Santos Júnior, Rosendo Augusto Yunes, Ricardo José Nunes, and Denilson Ferreira Oliveira. 2013. “Activity of Chalcones Derived from 2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde against Meloidogyne Exigua and in Silico Interaction of One Chalcone with a Putative Caffeic Acid 3O-Methyltransferase from Meloidogyne Incognita.” Experimental Parasitology 135 (4): 661– 68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2013.10.003.
95
Parrilla Vázquez, P., C. Ferrer, M.J. Martínez Bueno, and A.R. Fernández-Alba. 2019. “Pesticide Residues in Spices and Herbs: Sample Preparation Methods and Determination by Chromatographic Techniques.” TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 115 (June): 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.03.022
Pasaru, F. 1999. Prospek pengembangan agenhayati untuk pengendalian hama sayuran di Sulawesi Tengah. Prosiding Seminar NasionalHasil Pengkajian dan Penelitian TeknologiPertanian Menghadapi Era Otonomi Daerah,Palu, 3–4 November 1999. Pusat Penelitiandan Pengembangan Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian,Bogor. hlm. 138–142..
Raeisi, Sara, Majid Sharifi-Rad, Siew Young Quek, Bahareh Shabanpour, and Javad Sharifi-Rad. 2016. “Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Effects of Shallot (Allium Ascalonicum L.) Fruit and Ajwain (Trachyspermum Ammi (L.) Sprague) Seed Extracts in Semi-Fried Coated Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Fillets for Shelf-Life Extension.” LWT - Food Science and Technology 65 (January): 112–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.07.064. Rossi, Frank, and Viktor Mirtchev. 2016. “Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).” In Statistics for Food Scientists, 19–29. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-417179-4.00004-4. Saeed, Qamar, Faheem Ahmad, Naeem Iqbal, and Syed Muhammad Zaka. 2019. “Chemical Control of Polyphagous Pests on Their Auxiliary Hosts Can Minimize Insecticide Resistance: A Case Study of Spodoptera Exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Cotton Agroecosystem.” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 171 (April): 721–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.038.
Satsijati dan E. Koswara. 1993. Studi penerapanformulasi teknologi budi daya bawang merahdan cabai di lahan pasang surut. JurnalHortikultura 3(1): 13−20
Soedarsono, Abdoellah, S., Aulistyowati..1997. penebaran kulit buah kakao sebagai sumber bahan organik tanah dan pengaruhnya terhadap produksi kakao. Pelita perkebunan 13 (2):90-99
Sutater, T., Satsijati, E. Koswara, D. Haryadi, dan Amaluddin. 1990. Daya hasil bawang merah di lahan pasang surut dan rawa. Risalah Hasil Penelitian Proyek Swamps II Bogor, 19–21 September 1989. BadanPenelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, Jakarta. hlm. 265−269. Tarnawska, Monika, Agnieszka Babczyńska, Karolina Hassa, Alina Kafel, Anna Płachetka-Bożek, Jan Augustyniak, Marta Dziewięcka, Barbara Flasz, and Maria Augustyniak. 2019. “Protective Role of Zinc in Spodoptera Exigua Larvae under 135-Generational Cadmium Exposure.” Chemosphere 235 (November): 785–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.209.
Wang, Xuegui, Xing Xiang, Huiling Yu, Shuhua Liu, Yong Yin, Peng Cui, Yaqiong Wu, Jing Yang, Chunxian Jiang, and Qunfang Yang. 2018. “Monitoring and Biochemical Characterization of Beta-Cypermethrin Resistance in Spodoptera Exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Sichuan Province, China.” Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 146 (April): 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.02.008. Winter, Carl K, and Elizabeth A Jara. 2015. “Pesticide Food Safety Standards as Companions to Tolerances and Maximum Residue Limits.” Journal of Integrative Agriculture 14 (11): 2358– 64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(15)61117-0.
Wood, G.A.R. 1989. Cocoa. Third Edition. Longman Group Limited. London. Wongmekiat, O., N. Leelarugrayub, and K. Thamprasert. 2008. “Beneficial Effect of Shallot (Allium Ascalonicum L.) Extract on Cyclosporine Nephrotoxicity in Rats.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 46 (5): 1844–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.01.029.
Ahmad, Mushtaq, Abid Farid, and Muhammad Saeed. 2018. “Resistance to New Insecticides and Their Synergism in Spodoptera Exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Pakistan.” Crop Protection 107 (May): 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2017.12.028. Akbari, Sweeta, Nour H. Abdurahman, Rosli M. Yunus, and Fahim Fayaz. 2019. “MicrowaveAssisted Extraction of Saponin, Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds from Trigonella FoenumGraecum Seed Based on Two Level Factorial Design.” Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, July, 100212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2019.100212
AquinoAT,MabesaRC.2002.Offseasonproductionofhoneydewmelon(CucumismeloL.)usingmulcha ndrowcover.PhilippineAgric.Sci.85(3):221-229.
Balaram Naik, A., and A. Chennakeshava Reddy. 2018. “Optimization of Tensile Strength in TIG Welding Using the Taguchi Method and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).” Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 8 (December): 327–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2018.08.005.
Chen, Jixiang, Weili Jiang, Hongyan Hu, Xiaoyan Ma, Qian Li, Xianpeng Song, Xiangliang Ren, and Yan Ma. 2019. “Joint Toxicity of Methoxyfenozide and Lufenuron on Larvae of Spodoptera Exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).” Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 22 (3): 795–801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2019.06.004.
94
Foelix, R.F. 1982. Biology of Spiders. HarvardUniversity Press. Cambridge. 306.
Gautam, Shriniwas, Pepijn Schreinemachers, Md. Nasir Uddin, and Ramasamy Srinivasan. 2017. “Impact of Training Vegetable Farmers in Bangladesh in Integrated Pest Management (IPM).” Crop Protection 102 (December): 161–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2017.08.022.
Githiomi, Caroline, Beatrice Muriithi, Patrick Irungu, Chris M. Mwungu, Gracious Diiro, Hippolyte Affognon, John Mburu, and Sunday Ekesi. 2019. “Economic Analysis of Spillover Effects of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategy for Suppression of Mango Fruit Fly in Kenya.” Food Policy 84 (April): 121–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.03.006. Haque, Ma, MA Monayem Miah, Ms Hossain, An Luna, and Ks Rahman. 2014. “Profitability of Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) Cultivation in Some Selected Areas of Bangladesh.” Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 38 (4): 589–98. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v38i4.18944.
Kalmar, Evie, Susan L. Ivey, Asa Bradman, Victoria Leonard, and Abbey Alkon. 2014. “Implementing an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Program in Child Care Centers: A Qualitative Study.” Early Childhood Research Quarterly 29 (3): 245–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2014.02.005.
Limbongan, J. dan A. Monde. 1999. Pengaruh penggunaan pupuk organik dan anorganik terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi bawang merah kultivar Palu. Jurnal Hortikultura 9 (3): 212−219. Lu, Jiannan, and Alex Deng. 2017. “On Randomization-Based Causal Inference for Matched-Pair Factorial Designs.” Statistics & Probability Letters 125 (June): 99–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spl.2017.02.007.
Maloney, D., F.A. Drummoud and R. Alford. 2002. Spider predation in agroecosystems:Can spiders effectively control pest population. Mafes Technical Bulletin 190:1-32.
Maskar, Basrum, A. Lasenggo, dan M. Slamet.2001. Uji multilokasi bawang merah Palu.Laporan Tahun 2001. Balai PengkajianTeknologi Pertanian Sulawesi Tengah, Palu.13 hlm..
Muriithi, Beatrice W., Hippolyte D. Affognon, Gracious M. Diiro, Sarah W. Kingori, Chrysantus M. Tanga, Peterson W. Nderitu, Samira A. Mohamed, and Sunday Ekesi. 2016. “Impact Assessment of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategy for Suppression of MangoInfesting Fruit Flies in Kenya.” Crop Protection 81 (March): 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2015.11.014. Mustafa, Ghazala, and Setsuko Komatsu. 2016. “Toxicity of Heavy Metals and Metal-Containing Nanoparticles on Plants.” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 1864 (8): 932–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.02.020.
Nielsen, Glenn Gunner Brink, Anders Kjær, Beate Klösgen, Per Lyngs Hansen, Adam Cohen Simonsen, and Bjarke Jørgensen. 2016. “Dielectric Spectroscopy for Evaluating Dry Matter Content of Potato Tubers.” Journal of Food Engineering 189 (November): 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.05.011.
Nunes, Alexandro Silva, Vicente Paulo Campos, Alessandra Mascarello, Taisa Regina Stumpf, Louise Domenghini Chiaradia-Delatorre, Alan Rodrigues Teixeira Machado, Helvécio Martins Santos Júnior, Rosendo Augusto Yunes, Ricardo José Nunes, and Denilson Ferreira Oliveira. 2013. “Activity of Chalcones Derived from 2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde against Meloidogyne Exigua and in Silico Interaction of One Chalcone with a Putative Caffeic Acid 3O-Methyltransferase from Meloidogyne Incognita.” Experimental Parasitology 135 (4): 661– 68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2013.10.003.
95
Parrilla Vázquez, P., C. Ferrer, M.J. Martínez Bueno, and A.R. Fernández-Alba. 2019. “Pesticide Residues in Spices and Herbs: Sample Preparation Methods and Determination by Chromatographic Techniques.” TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 115 (June): 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.03.022
Pasaru, F. 1999. Prospek pengembangan agenhayati untuk pengendalian hama sayuran di Sulawesi Tengah. Prosiding Seminar NasionalHasil Pengkajian dan Penelitian TeknologiPertanian Menghadapi Era Otonomi Daerah,Palu, 3–4 November 1999. Pusat Penelitiandan Pengembangan Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian,Bogor. hlm. 138–142..
Raeisi, Sara, Majid Sharifi-Rad, Siew Young Quek, Bahareh Shabanpour, and Javad Sharifi-Rad. 2016. “Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Effects of Shallot (Allium Ascalonicum L.) Fruit and Ajwain (Trachyspermum Ammi (L.) Sprague) Seed Extracts in Semi-Fried Coated Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Fillets for Shelf-Life Extension.” LWT - Food Science and Technology 65 (January): 112–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.07.064. Rossi, Frank, and Viktor Mirtchev. 2016. “Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).” In Statistics for Food Scientists, 19–29. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-417179-4.00004-4. Saeed, Qamar, Faheem Ahmad, Naeem Iqbal, and Syed Muhammad Zaka. 2019. “Chemical Control of Polyphagous Pests on Their Auxiliary Hosts Can Minimize Insecticide Resistance: A Case Study of Spodoptera Exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Cotton Agroecosystem.” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 171 (April): 721–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.038.
Satsijati dan E. Koswara. 1993. Studi penerapanformulasi teknologi budi daya bawang merahdan cabai di lahan pasang surut. JurnalHortikultura 3(1): 13−20
Soedarsono, Abdoellah, S., Aulistyowati..1997. penebaran kulit buah kakao sebagai sumber bahan organik tanah dan pengaruhnya terhadap produksi kakao. Pelita perkebunan 13 (2):90-99
Sutater, T., Satsijati, E. Koswara, D. Haryadi, dan Amaluddin. 1990. Daya hasil bawang merah di lahan pasang surut dan rawa. Risalah Hasil Penelitian Proyek Swamps II Bogor, 19–21 September 1989. BadanPenelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, Jakarta. hlm. 265−269. Tarnawska, Monika, Agnieszka Babczyńska, Karolina Hassa, Alina Kafel, Anna Płachetka-Bożek, Jan Augustyniak, Marta Dziewięcka, Barbara Flasz, and Maria Augustyniak. 2019. “Protective Role of Zinc in Spodoptera Exigua Larvae under 135-Generational Cadmium Exposure.” Chemosphere 235 (November): 785–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.209.
Wang, Xuegui, Xing Xiang, Huiling Yu, Shuhua Liu, Yong Yin, Peng Cui, Yaqiong Wu, Jing Yang, Chunxian Jiang, and Qunfang Yang. 2018. “Monitoring and Biochemical Characterization of Beta-Cypermethrin Resistance in Spodoptera Exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Sichuan Province, China.” Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 146 (April): 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.02.008. Winter, Carl K, and Elizabeth A Jara. 2015. “Pesticide Food Safety Standards as Companions to Tolerances and Maximum Residue Limits.” Journal of Integrative Agriculture 14 (11): 2358– 64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(15)61117-0.
Wood, G.A.R. 1989. Cocoa. Third Edition. Longman Group Limited. London. Wongmekiat, O., N. Leelarugrayub, and K. Thamprasert. 2008. “Beneficial Effect of Shallot (Allium Ascalonicum L.) Extract on Cyclosporine Nephrotoxicity in Rats.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 46 (5): 1844–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.01.029.
Valentino, V., & Thaha, A. R. (2019). Pengendalian Hama Spodoptera exigua Hubner. pada Tanaman Bawang Merah Varietas Lembah Palu dengan Penggunaan Pupuk dan Mulsa. Agroland: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian, 26(2), 86 - 95. https://doi.org/10.22487/agrolandnasional.v26i2.982
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